Mörner approached Bernadotte since he respected his military ability, his skillful and humane administration of Hanover and the Hanseatic towns, and his charitable treatment of Swedish prisoners in Germany. Resting on the French Left, Bernadotte's corps was battered during the night but resisted the full fury of the Austrian attack facing superior numbers. [110] He was succeeded by his only son, Oscar I.[17]. pp. Bernadotte's Army of the North would continue to guard Berlin and keep watch on Davout's forces in Hamburg while the Allies, in accordance with the plan conceived at Trachenberg, maneuvered toward Napoleon's army at Leipzig. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XIV-John, Napolean.org - Biography of Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte, The Napoleon Series - Biography of Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, Bernadotte - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Le portrait de Louis XIV par Charles Le Brun montre le roi âgé de vingt-trois ans. Peint en buste, légèrement de trois quarts, le souverain porte une armure ornée de fleurs de lis, emblèmes de la maison royale de France. Folder 1 King Charles XIV John Papers #11006-z, Series: "Charles XIV Papers, 1795-1805." [85] Even if Finland was regained, he thought, it would put Sweden into a new cycle of conflicts with a powerful neighbor because there was no guarantee Russia would accept the loss as final. [106][107], On the other hand, radical in his youth, his views had veered steadily rightward over the years, and by the time he ascended the throne he was an ultra-conservative. Jean Baptiste Bernadotte/Karl XIV Johan. [71], The Swedish court initially sounded out the emperor for his preferences on candidates for crown prince, whereupon Napoleon made it clear he preferred his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais, one of his nephews or one of his brothers. Personal details Born Jean Bernadotte, later Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte(1763-01-26)26 January 1763Pau, France Died 8 March 1844(1844-03-08) (aged81)Stockholm, Sweden Spouse(s) Désirée Clary (m.1796) Religion Lutheranprev. Charles XIII & II also Carl, Swedish: Karl XIII (7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818), was King of Sweden (as Charles XIII) from 1809 and King of Norway (as Charles II) from 1814 until his death.He was the second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick II of Prussia.. [33][17], However, during the campaign against Prussia, in the same year, he was severely reproached by Napoleon for not participating with his army corps in the battles of Jena and Auerstädt (14 October 1806). [84], The infirmity of the old King and the dissensions in the Privy Council of Sweden placed the government, and especially the control of foreign policy, entirely in his hands. [97], After the Battle of Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and to secure Norway,[33] defeating the Danes in a relatively quick campaign. With the other Allied armies engaged in battle on 17 October, Bernadotte's army finally crossed the Elbe and joined in the Battle of Leipzig on 19 October. [103] It made a sharp contrast with Sweden's previous hegemonic expansionism resulting in uninterrupted wars with neighboring countries for centuries, and he successfully kept his kingdoms in a state of peace from 1814 until his death. In designating him for the crown, the Swedes hoped that he would somehow reconquer Finland and the Åland Islands. [23] Bernadotte was pleased with this appointment but Napoleon lobbied Talleyrand-Périgord, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to appoint him to the embassy of Vienna instead. And also Charles become Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway under his father's reign. [41] When visiting Halle after the battle, and commenting on the degree of difficulty of storming a fortified position accessible only by a single bridge, Napoleon enigmatically commented "Bernadotte stops at nothing. However, his dynasty never faced serious danger, as the Swedes and the Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a good European reputation. For a subsequent prince, see. Upon his departure from Denmark he was one of few Frenchmen of the period to be awarded the Order of the Elephant. [53] The Russians resumed the offensive that summer and Bernadotte was attacked by, and defeated, a strong Prussian Corps at Spanden, preserving the French bridgehead over the Pasłęka, where he was nearly killed when a spent ball struck him in the neck. In January 1803 Bonaparte appointed Bernadotte minister to the United States, but Bernadotte delayed his departure because of rumours of approaching war between France and England and remained inactive in Paris for a year. On the second day of battle, 6 July 1809, IX Corps, having been mauled the night before, wherein Bernadotte struggled to rally his demoralized Saxons, was attacked by two Austrian corps, as part of Archduke Charles's effort to break the French line. At the age of 17 he enlisted in the French army. Although no evidence has been found that he was involved, it is clear that he would have favoured constitutional limitation of the powers of Napoleon, who had in 1799 become the first consul—to all intents and purposes, dictator of France—or even his overthrow. [17] However, his popularity and contacts with radical Jacobins aroused antipathy towards him in the government. Charles XIV John (Swedish and Norwegian: Karl XIV Johan; born Jean Bernadotte; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and Norway from 1818 until his death. He was a king for 72 years. [79], Before freeing Bernadotte from his allegiance to France, Napoleon asked him to agree never to take up arms against France. At a critical moment he ordered Dupas forward to his support; the latter replied that he had orders from the emperor to remain where he was. [33] The problem of Charles's successor had been acute almost from the time he had ascended the throne a year earlier. Le 5 février 1818, il succède à Charles XIII, sous le nom de Charles XIV, roi de Suède et de Norvège. This was the longest recorded rule of any European monarch.He is often seen as the typical example of absolutism.He was the older of two brothers the other being Philippe. Hampered by the very poor state of the roads, he could not engage in the Battle of Jena, though he effectively compelled the Prussians to retreat from both battlefields by posting his troops on the heights of Apolda. [51][52] Bernadotte held his troops to the same high standard and punished looting and rapine severely and was known to intervene with his sword drawn against those engaged in pillaging, as was the case following the capture of Lübeck.[44][45]. >> << Suède -- 1818-1844 (Charles XIV Jean) Source(s) : Politisches Vermächtniss Seiner Majestät des verstorbenen Königs von Schweden Carl Johann, enthaltend bisher unbekannte Originaldocumente in eigenen Briefen, Noten, Reden, 1844-1845 . He was also the first Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, Italy. [24] Bernadotte was very dissatisfied; he finally accepted the post in Vienna, but had to quit owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy. [64], With Bernadotte having returned to Paris, the Walcheren Campaign (July 1809) caused the French ministry in the absence of the emperor to entrust him with the defense of Antwerp with both regular French and Dutch troops along with the National Guard. 2015 - Les expositions du moment, de l’art ancien à l’art contemporain, en passant par le design et l’architecture, sont sur BeauxArts.com Contents. [5], Bernadotte joined the army as a private in the Régiment Royal–La Marine on 3 September 1780,[6] and first served in the newly conquered territory of Corsica. En 1813, il participe à la bataille de Leipzig où Napoléon Ier est vaincu. Bernadotte was the son of a lawyer. [74], Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour and on 21 August 1810[33] he was elected by the Riksdag of the Estates in Örebro to be the new crown prince,[33] and was subsequently made Generalissimus of the Swedish Armed Forces by the King. [4][17], Bust of a young Bernadotte at the Bernadotte Museum in Pau, France, After returning from Vienna, he resided in Paris. [65] Bernadotte, with his customary skill, took command of a chaotic situation wherein troops from all over the Empire and its vassal states, and raw conscripts, were sent to Holland under divided command. Roi valois, histoire des rois de France, portraits et biographies des rois de France, souverains, monarques, dirigeants, empereurs, présidents. Charles XIV John or Carl John (Swedish and Norwegian: Karl XIV Johan; born Jean Bernadotte [1]; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (proclaimed as Charles XIV John, but in recent times referred to accurately in Norway as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death in 1844.. Barton, D. Plunkett (1921). I have seen the mighty Emperor of the French, so often crowned with the laurel of victory, surrounded by his invincible armies, sigh after the olive-branches of peace. Son caractère héréditaire et sacré a fait du roi en France le personnage central de la vie politique et le pivot de la société. Bernadotte, struggling desperately to prevent his men from sacking, was given six horses from the Council of Lübeck as their appreciation. [54] Due to this near fatal wound, Bernadotte was invalided to the rear and missed the remainder of the Polish Campaign. Solomon, Maynard; Herttrich, Ernst (1988). If I fall, you will find yourself with 40,000 men at the gates of Paris. Pau, Aquitania, France: Death: August 08, 1813 (58-59) Pau, Aquitania, France Immediate Family: Son of Jean Henri Bernadotte and Jeanne de Saint-Vincent Husband of Marie Anne Charlotte Saint-Pau Brother of Clarie Bernadotte; Arnaud Bernadotte; Charles XIV & III John, king of Sweden and Norway and Marie Justis. Charles XIV John, Swedish Karl Johan, orCarl Johan, original name Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, also called (1806–10) Prince De Ponte-Corvo, (born Jan. 26, 1763, Pau, France—died March 8, 1844, Stockholm, Swed. Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe. [75][76] Bernadotte was elected partly because a large part of the Swedish Army, in view of future complications with Russia, were in favour of electing a soldier, and partly because he was also personally popular, owing to the kindness he had shown to the Swedish prisoners in Lübeck. Ce ne sera pas le cas mais il obtient la Norvège, le 14 janvier 1814, en récompense de ses services. Afterwards, Bernadotte was accused of deliberately refusing to support Davout, who had unexpectedly encountered the Prussian main army at Auerstädt, out of jealousy, and Napoleon, if reminiscences from St. Helena may be believed, once intended to put Bernadotte before a court-martial. It was not the first, or last time, that Napoleon thought of placing Bernadotte on a foreign throne. Le 5 février 1818, il succède à Charles XIII sous le nom de Charles XIV Jean … In your hands will be the fate of the Republic." Bernadotte was, through marriage to Désirée Clary, brother-in-law to Joseph Bonaparte, and thus a member of the extended Imperial Family. [14], At the Battle of Theiningen (1796), where the Austrians outnumbered the French three-to-one,[15] Bernadotte's rear-guard successfully repulsed numerous attacks while inflicting heavy losses on the enemy, preventing the Archduke Charles from cutting off the retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Austrians at the Battle of Würzburg. In modern Norwegian lists of kings he is called Charles III John.He was the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty.. Born in Pau in southern France, Bernadotte joined the French Royal Army in 1780. He was born in Pau, France, January 26, 1764, the son of a French lawyer. As of 1661, he started reforming France. Premier peintre du roi pendant la période la plus prospère et la plus glorieuse du règne de Louis XIV, il fut chargé de magnifier par l’art la splendeur et la puissance du souverain. The Emperor, however, was reluctant to exert a decisive influence, and the initiative fell to the young Swedish baron Carl Otto Mörner. 9, 1812–1817, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1942, Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Choisissez parmi des contenus premium King Charles Xiv John Of Sweden … Greenhill, London. Together the League of Augsburg equaled France’s strength. "Decline and Consolidation: Sweden, the Napoleonic Wars and Geopolitical Restructuring in Northern Europe". Il récupère la Norvège en 1814 et souhaite succéder, en France, à Napoléon mais ce seront les Bourbons qui lui succéderont. The routed Saxons retreated in disorder toward Raasdorf as Bernadotte attempted to rally his men, where he encountered Napoleon. [68][69] Refusing to comply with the order, he was summoned to Vienna, and after an interview with Napoleon at Schönbrunn accepted the general government of the Roman states. [119] Bernadotte’s dream dissolved, and his brief visit to Paris after the armistice was not glorious. Ballantine Books, New York. XXXIII Pièces relatives particulièrement à l'Écosse et aux années 1543-1556. Moreover, Bernadotte fought with exceptional personal courage, at the head of his troops, and narrowly averted death when attacked by Austrian cavalry. In domestic affairs, farsighted legislation helped the rapid expansion of Swedish agriculture and the Norwegian shipping trade; in Sweden, the famous Göta Canal was completed, postwar financial problems were solved, and during the reign both countries enjoyed a rapid increase in population. He was adopted by King Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John" (Karl Johan). Yes, Gentlemen, peace is the only glorious aim of a sage and enlightened government: it is not the extent of a state which constitutes its strength and independence; it is its laws, its commerce, its industry, and above all, its national spirit.”, The new Crown Prince was very soon the most popular and most powerful man in Sweden and quickly impressed his adoptive father. Les meilleures offres pour France Royale - Ecu 1647 K Bordeaux Louis XIV, Qualité !! "Bernadotte and Swedish-American Relations, 1810–1814,", Kurtz, Harold. "The Triumph of Neutrality : Bernadotte and European Geopolitics (1810–1844)", Revue D’ Histoire Nordique, No. When, on May 18, 1804, Napoleon proclaimed the empire, Bernadotte declared full loyalty to him and, in May, was named marshal of the empire. In January 1798 Bernadotte was expected to succeed Bonaparte in command of the army of Italy but instead was appointed ambassador to Vienna until April, when his mission ended. 105–06, Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta, Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok. Upon the death of Charles XIII in 1818, Charles John ascended to the throne. Thus, when force might have imposed any system on the Norwegians (for a time at least), the Crown Prince insisted on a constitutional settlement. An alliance was signed with Russia in April 1812, with Great Britain in March 1813—with the British granting a subsidy for the proposed conquest of Norway—and with Prussia in April 1813. In 1802 he fell under suspicion of complicity with a group of army officers of republican sympathies who disseminated anti-Bonapartist pamphlets and propaganda from the city of Rennes (the “Rennes plot”). Le duc Philippe d’Orléans (1674-1723), neveu de Louis XIV, est déclaré régent de France pendant la minorité du jeune Louis XV, arrière-petit-fils du roi défunt. [17], In 1810 Bernadotte was about to enter his new post as governor of Rome when he was unexpectedly elected the heir-presumptive to King Charles XIII of Sweden. He could, as many Swedes wished, have regained Finland from Russia, either by conquest or by negotiation. Charles-Jean se rapproche alors du tsar russe. [4], At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local attorney. Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was legally adopted by Karl XIII as his heir and in 1818 he ascended the throne in Sweden as Karl XIV Johan and in Norway as Karl III Johan. Soigneusement préparée depuis deux ans, la campagne terrestre rencontre peu de résistance. Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009). Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte (Pau, Béarn, 14 October 1711 – Pau, 31 March 1780), prosecutor at Pau, and his wife (married at Boeil, 20 February 1754) Jeanne de Saint-Jean (Pau, 1 April 1728 – Pau, 8 January 1809), niece of the Lay Abbot of Sireix. MacMillan, New York. We do not know how it may turn out. The Danish prince Christian August had been elected crown prince but died suddenly in 1810, and the Swedes turned to Napoleon for advice. [16], At the beginning of 1797 he was ordered by the Directory to march with 20,000 men as reinforcements to Napoleon Bonaparte's army in Italy. [78] The invasion was a clear violation of international law as well as an act of war so public opinion in Sweden was understandably outraged. Charles John was anxious to achieve something for Sweden that would prove his worth to the Swedes and establish his dynasty in power. [62] After the battle, Bernadotte complained to Napoleon for having, in violation of all military rules, ordered Dupas to act independently of his command, and for having thereby caused great loss of life to the Saxons, and tendered his resignation. The construction began in 1825, but the Storting halted the funding after the costly foundation was laid and demanded that the appointed architect, Hans Linstow, construct a simpler palace. Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte French revolutionary soldier: Marshal of France under Napoleon: elected Crown Prince of Sweden 1810: King Charles XIV... Charles XIV , 1763-1844. New difficulties recalled him to Scandinavia. [34][35][36] By 1790 he had become an ardent supporter of the Revolution and rose rapidly from sublieutenant in 1792 to brigadier general in 1794. 1813 Leipzig. Voir les détails. In this capacity, as well as during his later command of the army of northern Germany, he created for himself a reputation for independence, incorruptibility, moderation, and administrative ability. His failure to learn Swedish increased his difficulties, yet his experience, his knowledge, and his magnetic personal charm gave him preponderant political influence. Charles John conducted an efficient and almost bloodless campaign, and in August the Norwegians signed the Convention of Moss, whereby they accepted Charles XIII as king but retained the May constitution. L’offensive éclair de la France. The Riksdag (diet), influenced by similar considerations, by their regard for French military power, and by financial promises from Bernadotte, abandoned other candidates, and on Aug. 21, 1810, Bernadotte was elected Swedish crown prince. [20] However, Dupuy was a close friend of Louis-Alexandre Berthier and this started a long-lasting feud between Bernadotte and Napoleon's Chief of Staff. 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