7,000 & 6,000 \\ /ExtGState << (1950s) a. -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. endobj ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -Responses varied across cultures /Name /F3 << /F1 21 0 R -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. stream /Filter /FlateDecode Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /ExtGState << Aug 2016. The Need to be Right Part II Aaron Cheng /RoleMap 18 0 R What is an attribution? -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. Cognitive miser - Wikiwand 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /GS8 28 0 R Cookie policy. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. Introducing Cram Folders! >> To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? << In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. %PDF-1.3 continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. 25 0 obj >> -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? 29 0 obj Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? >> -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? << The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. /Type /Group In par-ticular, this need . /S /Transparency What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /StructParents 1 /Type /Page In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. /Parent 2 0 R A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. 27 0 obj [39][originalresearch? -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com[Solved] Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. We have created a browser extension. /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R endobj 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R /Subtype /Type1 Under what conditions are people most likely to help? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 >> /Group << What factors affect obedience? [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. 13 0 obj 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount >> 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R /ExtGState << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /Contents 43 0 R [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. << -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group >> What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /Resources << << Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Footnote /Note We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? -Obedience: submission to authority /StructParents 10 providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to traits associated with the stereotype. |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. Jonathan A. . /Type /Group /Type /Page /Font << [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. 1,000 & 12,000 In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. >> %PDF-1.5 A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. Heuristics are one way that we save resources. How does the brain respond to social rejection? x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F /FirstChar 32 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Type /Page /Type /Page Cognitive miser explained /StructParents 6 /GS7 27 0 R /GS7 27 0 R Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Type /Page [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one /F2 22 0 R Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Artifact /Sect endobj >> >> /Type /Group /Parent 2 0 R /GS7 27 0 R 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous /CA 1 /F3 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the >> [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Tabs /S What is social contagion? 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /Length 2864 System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /F3 23 0 R membership. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Please sign in to share these flashcards. /ExtGState << /Type /Page /CS /DeviceRGB A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /F1 21 0 R >> . 1 0 obj >> /F6 26 0 R Social Psychology 1 Flashcards >> /StructParents 9 PDF FISKE & TAYLOR / SOCIAL COGNITION: FROM BRAINS TO CULTURE 2e % 22 0 obj In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R How does a "flawed scientist" reason? Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? /S /Transparency where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. /GS8 28 0 R HWKoFW. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. /Type /StructTreeRoot 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. /CS /DeviceRGB What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? endobj >> Fugelsang . /F4 24 0 R /ToUnicode 367 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 24 0 obj Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Font << -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. July 2015 . a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. 9 Signs You May Be a Cognitive Miser - Psychology Today [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /F1 21 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Subtype /TrueType You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? 17 0 obj %PDF-1.4 [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. Wim . ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. Introducing Cram Folders! stream /Type /Page << Houd . [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. The cognitive miser and focal bias . -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Resources << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /Parent 2 0 R Cognitive miser - Wikipedia affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /FontDescriptor 363 0 R What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? 2011 . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /GS8 28 0 R Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /StructParents 5 /F1 21 0 R >> Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. 6,000 & 7,000 \\ what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. /Font << Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. >> /Font << -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o /StructParents 7 >> -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. How does a "cognitive miser" reason? -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << /Type /ExtGState They argue that people start the process of impression formation by But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. endobj (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. /F3 23 0 R Rational and Irrational Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Miss