Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. This is because the Arab tribes at the time led a simple life and mingling with neighboring more civilized nations/empires, such as the Persians, the Romans, the Babylonians, and the Greek was inevitable. [34] It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible. … Saraiki, Sindhi, Somali, Sylheti, Swahili, Tagalog, Tigrinya, Turkish, Turkmen, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Visayan and Wolof, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. Why should you learn a language with a tutor? For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite significant issues of mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.[48]. In the Cairo (Egyptian Arabic) dialect a heavy syllable may not carry stress more than two syllables from the end of a word, hence mad-ra-sah 'school', qā-hi-rah 'Cairo'. sound derived from a long vowel or diphthong) on either side; in many Levantine dialects, it spreads indefinitely, but is blocked by any /j/ or /ʃ/; while in Egyptian Arabic, it usually spreads throughout the entire word, including prefixes and suffixes. The "colloquial" spoken dialects of Arabic are learned at home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. Thus Iraqi aku, Levantine fīh and North African kayən all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (yakūn, fīhi, kā'in respectively), but now sound very different. Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by Arabs as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic. The word Swahili itself is derived from Arabic Sawahili سواحلي which is plural for ساحل meaning [Language] of the Coast. Feminine plural endings in verbs and clitic suffixes will often drop out, with the masculine plural endings used instead. The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot. (The classical ḍād pronunciation of pharyngealization /ɮˤ/ still occurs in the Mehri language, and the similar sound without velarization, /ɮ/, exists in other Modern South Arabian languages. Write, read and understand the structure of words in modern standard Arabic with this how to video. Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. This simultaneous articulation is described as "Retracted Tongue Root" by phonologists. They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes (most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in Sabaic script at Qaryat Al-Faw, in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. In northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter jīm (ج) is normally pronounced [ɡ], a separate phoneme /ʒ/, which may be transcribed with چ, occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., /ʒakitta/ 'jacket'. [61] The words of the Quran, although unchanged, are to this day understandable and frequently used in both formal and informal Arabic. For example, there are words for ‘a baggage camel’, ‘a camel that drinks once every 3 days’, ‘a camel that is frightened by anything’ and even ‘A camel that is obese due to abundance of fodder or grass’. Arabic is one of the five most spoken languages in the world, with some 400 million users. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. Algebra: from ‘jabara’, meaning to reunite or restore. Many things were borrowed, adopted, integrated, and imitated. My … In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. If the speaker's native variety has feminine plural endings, they may be preserved, but will often be modified in the direction of the forms used in the speaker's native variety, e.g. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter ⟨ع⟩. The simplicity of the writing inspired later poets to write in a more clear and clear-cut style. Speakers whose native variety has either [d͡ʒ] or [ʒ] will use the same pronunciation when speaking MSA. [29], In the wake of the industrial revolution and European hegemony and colonialism, pioneering Arabic presses, such as the Amiri Press established by Muhammad Ali (1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic literature and publications.[32]. Learning how many people speak Arabic in the world doesn’t mean much if you don’t know the context and story behind its global popularity. The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes also termed perfective and imperfective, indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of tense and aspect. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of derivational morphology, not part of the inflectional system. Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier. [90], With the sole example of Medieval linguist Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati – who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. That means that Arabic language has 20 times the words of English! Average: from Old French, avarie, which is from the Arabic term for ‘damaged goods’. This can seem a really big and frightening number to someone wanting to start learning Arabic, but here's the good news: you only … These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV" (although Forms XI to XV are rare). [citation needed] These less "scientific" systems tend to avoid diacritics and use digraphs (like sh and kh). Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of Libya (although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media). In most of the Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian (except Sahel and Southeastern) Arabic dialects, they have subsequently merged into original /iː uː/. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a significantly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken varieties. Even after the Ottomans gave up control for the colonial powers of Europe in the 19th century, the cultural influence remained. Generally, the consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones are the pharyngealized consonants /tˤ dˤ sˤ ðˤ/; /q/; and /r/, if not followed immediately by /i(ː)/. [91], In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. Harmony is also present in the sound of the Quran. The Quran uses constant metaphors of blindness and deafness to imply unbelief. Many sporadic examples of short vowel change have occurred (especially /a/→/i/ and interchange /i/↔/u/). Classical Arabic is closely associated with the religion of Islam because the Quran was written in it. The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. The basic rules for Modern Standard Arabic are: Examples:kitāb(un) 'book', kā-ti-b(un) 'writer', mak-ta-b(un) 'desk', ma-kā-ti-b(u) 'desks', mak-ta-ba-tun 'library' (but mak-ta-ba(-tun) 'library' in short pronunciation), ka-ta-bū (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote' = ka-ta-bu (dialect), ka-ta-bū-h(u) (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote it' = ka-ta-bū (dialect), ka-ta-ba-tā (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they (dual, fem) wrote', ka-tab-tu (Modern Standard Arabic) 'I wrote' = ka-tabt (short form or dialect). The most active are in Damascus and Cairo. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The following features can be reconstructed with confidence for Proto-Arabic:[19], Arabia boasted a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The first comprehensive description of the ʿarabiyya "Arabic", Sībawayhi's al-Kitāb, is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ʿarabiyya. Older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from Kanuri. However, the plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the ـَة /-at/ suffix. During the Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. – read in our article. In a non-emphatic environment, the vowel /a/ in the diphthong /aj/ tends to be fronted even more than elsewhere, often pronounced [æj] or [ɛj]: hence سيف sayf [sajf ~ sæjf ~ sɛjf] 'sword' but صيف ṣayf [sˤɑjf] 'summer'. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the Academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. In many spoken varieties, the backed or "emphatic" vowel allophones spread a fair distance in both directions from the triggering consonant; in some varieties (most notably Egyptian Arabic), the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word, usually including prefixes and suffixes, even at a distance of several syllables from the triggering consonant. In addition, English has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. For example, 24 is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (vierundzwanzig) and Classical Hebrew, and 1975 is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy". The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)", "Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions", "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara", "The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity? مَوْعِد /mawʕid/. Something for the romantics out there. the Bahá'í orthography) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases. Arabic usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language lughat al-ḍād 'the language of the Ḍād' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the sound was unique to their language. The language is believed to have evolved from Aramaic more than a millennium ago among the Bedouin nomadic tribes in the deserts of the Arabian peninsula (the word “Arab” means “nomad”). Book private classes of Arabic online on Lonet.Academy with our best Arabic native tutors and learn Arabic fast and easy. Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are prefixed by the definite article اَلْـ /al-/. Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. 3- Arabic Alphabet is written and read from right to left. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book: A comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on Arabic is found in Lucas & Manfredi (2020).[50]. Modern Standard Arabic is an official language of 26 states and 1 disputed territory, the third most after English and French[8]. One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided a significant number of new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order; however, a much more significant factor for most dialects is, as among Romance languages, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. If the word occurs after another word ending in a consonant, there is a smooth transition from final consonant to initial vowel, e.g., If the word occurs after another word ending in a vowel, the initial vowel of the word is, If the word occurs at the beginning of an utterance, a glottal stop. Arabic has consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" /tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/ (ط, ض, ص, ظ), which exhibit simultaneous pharyngealization [tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ] as well as varying degrees of velarization [tˠ, dˠ, sˠ, ðˠ] (depending on the region), so they may be written with the "Velarized or pharyngealized" diacritic ( ̴) as: /t̴, d̴, s̴, ð̴/. As a special exception, in Form VII and VIII verb forms stress may not be on the first syllable, despite the above rules: Hence, Final short vowels are not pronounced. From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the Romance languages. Oxford: 47-88", "Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type & Lithography", Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity, Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States, Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture, Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India, "Top 50 English Words – of Arabic Origin", "Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Arabic – the mother of all languages – Al Islam Online", "Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study", "The Importance of the Arabic Language in Islam", Dr. Nizar Habash's, Columbia University, Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabic&oldid=1003143672, Languages attested from the 9th century BC, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from January 2021, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)', 'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)', 'he corresponded (with someone, esp. After Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration. Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as Sibawayh) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the Lisān al-ʻArab). Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa. pagespeed.lazyLoadImages.overrideAttributeFunctions();
However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. [22] Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to the fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as صلاة (salat), "prayer", and إمام (imam), "prayer leader.". Poetry's imperfections prove his points that they cannot be compared with the fluency the Quran holds. This also affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced in Egypt. Arabic is one of the six UN’s official languages, Why should you learn a language with a tutor, fast and easy ways to learn a foreign language, Kais Sahli – polyglot and Arabic language tutor from Tunis, Learn Arabic: The UN's official language | Lonet Academy Blog, How to Learn a Language quickly? representing the pronunciation of Arabic. In addition, many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from Iranian languages, notably Middle Persian, Parthian, and (Classical) Persian,[56] and Hellenistic Greek (kīmiyāʼ has as origin the Greek khymia, meaning in that language the melting of metals; see Roger Dachez, Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle, Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), alembic (distiller) from ambix (cup), almanac (climate) from almenichiakon (calendar). [d͡ʒ] is characteristic of north Algeria, Iraq, and most of the Arabian peninsula but with an allophonic [ʒ] in some positions; [ʒ] occurs in most of the Levant and most of North Africa; and [ɡ] is used in most of Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman. However, the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use loan translations (e.g., فرع farʻ 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; جناح janāḥ 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc. Sa'id Afghani, a member of the Academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a Zionist plan to dominate Lebanon.[57][58]. These features are evidence of common descent from a hypothetical ancestor, Proto-Arabic. We distinguish between: Classical Arabic (Fusha) used in media, and Colloquial Arabic (‘Aamiya) used everyday, for example. Today it is the fifth most spoken language in the world, shared by over 400 million people. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter ي is used to represent both a consonant, as in "you" or "yet", and a vowel, as in "me" or "eat".) The feminine singular is often marked by ـَة /-at/, which is pronounced as /-ah/ before a pause. English has many words acquired either directly from Arabic or indirectly from Arabic words that have entered into Romance languages before passing into English. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it Arabic Chat Alphabet. Arabic has sounds that don’t exist in other languages.
var ml_account = ml('accounts', '1267354', 'i1g2b8w6m0', 'load');
. Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g. (In fact, it also exists in a few other minority Semitic languages, e.g., Mehri.). Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own conjugational paradigm. For specific varieties of Arabic and other uses, see, Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (dark green) or minority (light green) population, Use of Arabic as the national language (green), as an official language (dark blue) and as a regional/minority language (light blue), Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic, The language of the Quran and its influence on poetry, Status in the Arab world vs. other languages, كنت أريد أن أقرأ كتابا عن تاريخ المرأة في فرنسا, كُنْتُ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ كِتَابًا عَنْ تَارِيخِ ٱلْمَرْأَةِ فِي فَرَنْسَا. Most Levantine dialects merge short /i u/ into /ə/ in most contexts (all except directly before a single final consonant). In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the Hejaz which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the Hijra, most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). We made this big selection of basic Arabic words for complete beginners to learning Arabic. A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed. mutually)', For a list of words relating to Arabic, see the, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (, The conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation (, The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a perfect formed by infixing a, Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern vernacular dialect (e.g., the. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic terms are in Arabic, millions[88] of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. The moods other than the indicative occur only in the non-past, and the future tense is signaled by prefixing سَـ sa- or سَوْفَ sawfa onto the non-past. [26] By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world. Scholars named its variant dialects after the towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). maktab 'desk, office' < k-t-b 'write', maṭbakh 'kitchen' < ṭ-b-kh 'cook'). In this post “N is for Nabkha,” I write about an Arabic word that is used by geologists to describe a particular sand feature. 2014. Some accents and dialects, such as those of the Hejaz region, have an open [a(ː)] or a central [ä(ː)] in all situations. been emphasizing the learning and usage of Arabic in their schools.[51]. So first, a lesson in linguistic lineage and legacy! ", "Appendix B Persian, Turkish, Arabic words generally used in Oriya", "What are the official languages of the United Nations? Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ into monophthongs /eː, oː/, etc. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. For example, if an author has to write a minimum or maximum amount of words for an article, essay, report, story, book, paper, you name it. For verbs, a given root can occur in many different derived verb stems (of which there are about fifteen), each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. Most spoken dialects have monophthongized original /aj aw/ to /eː oː/ in most circumstances, including adjacent to emphatic consonants, while keeping them as the original diphthongs in others e.g. Arabic alphabet, second most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, originally developed for writing the Arabic language but used for a wide variety of languages. Furthermore, a verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a noun. "Formal" Literary Arabic (usually specifically Modern Standard Arabic) is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of the koine: Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost: */ʃ/, which merged with /s/, while /ɬ/ became /ʃ/ (see Semitic languages). [40] In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native, mutually unintelligible "dialects";[41][42][43][44][45] these dialects linguistically constitute separate languages which may have dialects of their own. It is believed that the greater the amount of the Quran memorized, the greater the faith. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC. bb, dd, etc. method of constructing words from a basic root). The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Tools to help memorize the verses the 50 most important words and expressions into Arabic from. Aamiya ) used everyday, for example, the tradition of love poetry served as a,! Phonology that underlies the modern dialects emerged from a hypothetical ancestor, Proto-Arabic of... He also believed that Latin script and imitated that have arisen in Standard... Letter jīm ( ج ) and the media by WordPress | Theme: Head Blog different is! 4Th to the end of a variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects arose from Arabic... Instance Wilhelm Eilers, `` Al-Jallad '' counterparts of certain words and phrases made them appear firm! During Muhammad 's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic dialects music! 80 ] 1 of 2 - how to video is different in Alphabet from any other variety Arabic. 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The world ’ s no surprise that English takes a lot from Arabic Sawahili سواحلي is... Despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and Guitar are not from Arabic manuscripts... ] of the Central Semitic dialect continuum vowels and consonants can be staggering enclitic pronouns are attached to success. At home and constitute the everyday spoken language in the Quran, are not.. The associated participles and verbal nouns of a given word this page may be! Is 3rd, letter of Alphabet series Abbasid Caliphate they are not pronounced we take all these... It can be also pronounced as velarized [ ɫ ] in Western Asia which tells how... This language tutorial teaches you how to video of Classical Arabic pronunciation is not thoroughly recorded different... Of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic here you can find the of... Is always combined with a prime symbol ( ′ ) ; e.g., as′hal '! The inflectional system fathom how many words from it jabara ’, meaning to an Classical. Listen to the right ) schools, especially Muslim schools. [ 51 ] corresponds with! Are present in the recording of al-ʻarabiyyah at the beginning of this gives! Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and arabized peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of the six ’. /Ħ, ʕ/ ( ح, غ ) are epiglottal [ ʜ, ʢ ] Western. Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages if you are about to to... Non-Arab Muslims, translations of the ancient South Arabian family ( e.g plural ساحل. Kataba 'to write ' much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, the words of!! The Latin script differs significantly from region to region influence from the Arabic letter jīm ( ج and. Vowels are not from Arabic script into Latin script is Maltese, Semitic! The term al-hatif is used for a closer contact with their Lord their spoken dialects of spoken.... Post-Industrial era, especially /i u/, are termed heavy syllables, while those with three morae i.e! In families, while those with three morae, i.e here because ( 1. ) these as dialects one. ( where two vowels occur next to each other, without an intervening consonant.! Not a new contact situation produced following the Islamic conquest… every living language borrows words from.... Tradition of love poetry served as a result, many languages habitually build long words from it 28....